The Republic Concept

The Republic Concept A republic is a nationhood that doesn't watch direct by the by it has a structure of organization wherein some critical individuals from the gathering hold the incomparable authority over the administration. They settle on choices concerning set up law other than the head of states.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Republic Concept explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"The word republic is gotten from a Latin expression, ‘res publica,’ which implies open affairs†[1]. Frequently a republic is viewed as a sovereign state, however this ought not be mixed up with other sub-national units that are portrayed as to as a republic, or that have government that is depicted as republican in form[2]. For instance, Article IV of the Constitution of the United States assurances to each State in this Union a Republican type of Government. The Soviet Union was a solitary state made up of discrete and apparently sovereign Soviet Social ist Republics†[3]. In numerous specific circumstances, the term republic regularly alludes to an arrangement of government that gets its forces from the represented as opposed to from default or extreme methods, for example legacy or awesome right.[4] â€Å"Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu bolstered the possibility of a republic, and suggested on the city-conditions of Greece as models†[5] Nonetheless, both additionally opined that a country state like France, with a populace of 20 million, was illogical to be regulated as a republic. â€Å"Rousseau clarified his optimal political structure of little self-sufficient cooperatives, anyway Montesquieu noticed that a city state was essentially a republic, yet held that an incomplete government was increasingly appropriate for to an enormous nation.†[6] In 1995, a Princeton overview inquire about affiliation led a meeting haphazardly to grown-ups where individuals were asked the amount they confided in their legi slature to make the best choice, 21 percent said more often than not, 71 percent said distinctly on some of the time. They were again posed a similar inquiry about their state government the outcome were marginally better since 30 percent said more often than not while 62 percent said just sometimes[7]. From these outcomes we can presume that the American individuals accept that their legislature isn't making the best decision in a large number of moves it makes. We realize that no one is immaculate in this world however this numbers are so high coming about into certain inquiries that necessities answers, for example, What caused this issue in the United States, what is the stretch out of this issue in our nation, and is this doubt of our administration even a significant issue at all?[8] The response to these inquiries can't be handily discovered explanation being there is no definite reason for the difficult that can be pinpointed however individuals guarantee that it is because of poor initiative. Two of the greatest drops in the publics trust in the administration happened in 1964, during the shelling of Vietnam, and in 1972 during Watergate (Nye) during the time President Johnson and President Nixon were in power.Advertising Looking for paper on government? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although these two occasions may have added to the doubt of the American government, it doesn't really imply that they are completely mindful to what is happened[9]. This happened 20 years prior and can't be the reason for doubt to date on the grounds that for one explanation, the demonstration of question of the legislature has been developing reliably and can't be contrasted with previously. In this way the issue can't be pegged to the two heads however the whole American political leaders.[10] Another review was done in a 1995 where 35 percent of the respondents saw the primary motivation behind why they didn't believe the government is that lawmakers need trustworthiness and uprightness another 45 percent said legislators are not worried about the interests and prosperity of the individuals. This outcomes unmistakably show that its absolutely impossible individuals can trust there government in general on the off chance that they don't believe the individuals who make up the administration. To know how wide spread the issue of doubt is in the American government ABC News surveying association did seven unique surveys between 1985-1987 soliciting, How a significant part of the time do you believe the administration in Washington to make the right decision? Between 56-62 percent said in some cases or never.[11] In 1994, surveys results indicated that 15 percent of the American open believed in the national government and just 30 percent believed in their state and neighborhood government. Doubt in United States government isn't basically from a little section of individuals for the most pa rt the poor the same number of individuals think in light of the fact that from the examination directed we can see that Americans have next to no trust in their political leaders.[12] It is away from of the legislature by the individuals and this stances difficult issues with regards to administration and participation. Numerous individuals express that the negativity and doubt in America are not an issue by any stretch of the imagination. Individuals state that doubt of government has been around since the country’s starting and is nothing to stress over they more remote accept that America was established with a question of government that is the best George of England. Another supposition is that individuals esteem the constitution so much despite the fact that they don't confide in the consistently exercises of the administration, 80% of Americans trust United States as the best spot on the planet to live and 19% say that they like the vote based arrangement of governmen t. Thy e actuality that not all the Americans activities are doubted offers would like to the residents to recover confidence in there government.[13]Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Republic Concept explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More most of individuals don't believe their legislature and its causes are fluctuated. This pattern, however it tends to be identified with the sort of government officials that are being chosen in the nation and the people groups emotions towards those authorities. Albeit some don't trust it is actually an issue, it is ideal to have the option to put some confidence and trust is the individuals who lead and direct this nation. Apparently the best way to do that is to choose distinct individuals that we can trust and the best way to achieve that is to get taught on the issues and vote.[14][15] Adams, Paul. Republicanism in Political Rhetoric Before 1776. Political Theory Quarterly, Vol. 85, No. 3 (Sep., 1970): pp. 397â€421. Print. Anderson, Lisa. Absolutism and the Resilience of Monarchy in the Middle East. Political Theory Quarterly, Vol. 106, No. 1 (Spring, 1991): pp. 1â€15. Print. Bailyn, Bernard. The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967. Everdell, William. The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Print. Everdell, William. The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Print.Advertising Searching for article on government? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Better, Samuel. The History of Government from the Earliest Times. Oxford University Press, 1999. Print. Gelderen, Martin Skinner, Quentin. Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage, v2, The Values of Republicanism in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 2002. Print. Haakonssen, Knud. Republicanism. A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1995. Print. Hankins, James. â€Å"Exclusivist Republicanism and the Non-Monarchical Republic.† Political Theory 38.4 (August 2010): 452-482. Print. Kramnick, Isaac. Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism: Political Ideology in Late Eighteenth-Century England and America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990. Print. Maynor, John. Republicanism in the cutting edge world. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2003. Print. McCormick, John. Machiavelli against Republicanism: On the Cambridge Schools Guicciardinian Moments' Political Theory, Vol. 31, No. 5 (Oct., 2003): pp. 615â€643. Print. Nippel, Wilfried. Ol d and Modern Republicanism. The Invention of the Modern Republic ed. Biancamaria Fontana. London: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Print. Pettit, Philip. Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. NY: Oxford U.P., 1997. Print. References John Maynor. Republicanism in the advanced world. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2003, p. 4. Wilfried, Nippel. Old and Modern Republicanism. The Invention of the Modern Republic ed. Biancamaria Fontana. London: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 63. Knud Haakonssen. Republicanism. A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1995, p. 15. Isaac Kramnick. Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism: Political Ideology in Late Eighteenth-Century England and America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990, p. 36. Wilfried, Nippel. Old and Modern Republicanism. The Invention of the Modern Republic ed. Biancamaria Fontana. London: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 63. Wilfried, Nippel. Old and Modern Republicanism. The Inve ntion of the Modern Republic ed. Biancamaria Fontana. London: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 63. Bernard, Bailyn. The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967, 56. Lisa Anderson. Absolutism and the Resilience of Monarchy in the Middle East. Political Theory Quarterly, Vol. 106, No. 1 (Spring, 1991): pp. 1â€15. William Everdell. The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000, p. 136. Philip, Pettit. Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. NY: Oxford U.P., 1997, 147. Martin Gelderen Quentin Skinner. Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage, v2, The Values of Republ

My Old Kentucky Home

My Old Kentucky Home Its been a while since my last entry. Right now Im visiting my mom, stepdad, and four siblings in Louisville, Kentucky, and will be there for two weeks. You know, until I arrived at MIT, I didnt think I had a Southern accent. Really, I still dont think I have a Southern accent. Compared to most people in the South, I certainly dont. But in my first couple of months in New England, somebody told me I had a Southern accent at least 2-3 times a week (by now, of course, I have a group of people I interact with who have known me long enough to know what I talk like, and therefore dont feel compelled to comment). I certainly use some Southern-isms though. I remember that during some activity with my Orientation group as an incoming frosh, we got into a good-natured, vehement argument about what the proper name is for a soft drink. Most people said soda. Some people said pop (Im still unclear on what region of the country says pop). Myself and the other Southerner in the group said coke. I promise Im not making this up. In the South, coke isnt just a brand name (and that would be Coke with a capital C anyway), its a generic name for soft drinks. If you go to a restaurant and say Could I have a coke? youll be asked What kind? To me, this seems natural, but several of my MIT friends were incredulous when I explained it to them. By now, though, Ive learned to use the word soda in New England to prevent confusion. Any other Kentuckians reading this? Or Southerners in general? Were a bit underrepresented at MIT, especially if you count the Texans as their own region. Before I lived in Kentucky (we moved there when I was eleven), I lived in Georgia, in a suburb of Atlanta where my dad still lives. By the time you go that far south, youve hit the Deep South, where people still talk about damn Yankees (and mean something other than the baseball team). I was in Atlanta for the 1996 Olympics. I had just turned eleven. The Olympic torch was handed off less than a mile from my house. I went to track cycling and softball, and my mom was a volunteer for the mountain biking event. A few months later, I got a letter published in the Atlanta Journal-Contstitution talking about the prison system in Georgia and the benefits of rehabilitation, and the Chairman of the Georgia Department of Corrections read it (and my age with it) sent me a personal letter assuring me that he was a good guy, and an official Atlanta Olympics police hat. Anyway, I will continue to write entries while on vacation. Send me some questions, guys, if you have any. I feel like I hardly get any questions. I also feel like this may turn into a classic be careful what you wish for scenario, but whatever.

Sociology A Down- To- Earth Approach - 993 Words

In today’s society, norms are expected by everyone. According to the book Essentials of Sociology a Down- To- Earth Approach, Hansen states that norms are expectations of right† behavior (Hansen, 2014). There are also two forms of norms that may be strictly enforced or not. There is folkways and mores. Folkways are norms that aren’t strictly enforced while mores are strictly enforced for essential thought to care values or the well-being of a group (Hansen, 2014). Along with a norm and the two types, there may also be reactions to it. These reactions may be positive or negative and termed as sanctions. Sanctions are either expressions of an approval given to people for upholding norms or expression of disapproval for violating them (Hansen, 2014). In conducting a norm experiment, the terms were put to a test. The experiment consisted of an observed norm violation and an individual norm violation. The experiments resulted in what I had hypothesized. My hypothesis c onsisted of sanctions of the norms that were conducted. In the observe norm violation experiment, it was concluded to result in negative sanction. The experiment consisted of a friend of mine and I ordering our lunch at In n Out. It was my friend, Denise’s turn to order her meal. Denise ordered a double- double with no cheese, no thousand island spread, a single patty and only onions, tomatoes, and lettuce. The employee looked at her in a dumbfound manner and confirmed her ordered as a hamburger. Denise was notShow MoreRelatedThe Major Theories of Sociology Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolic Interactionism In the field of sociology, sociologists use many different theories to base their ideas and observations on; however, the three major theories that are used are symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. It is these three theories that will be the focus of this paper. To begin with, we will start with symbolic interactionism. Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead developed symbolic interactionism. In order to understand what this theory isRead MoreThe Theoretical Perspectives Of Sociology911 Words   |  4 Pages Symbolic interactionism is the first of the three theoretical perspectives in Sociology. This avenue of examining sociological factors looks at more personal interactions than the other two perspectives. Sociologist observe patterns and behaviors of these smaller interactions to define, or redefine, the use and evolution of symbols in society. Some sociologist see this approach as being too focused on one person’s view and take on society rather than trying to understand society as a functioningRead MoreGender And Social Conflict Within Gender Specific Institutions1499 Words   |  6 Pagesseen in Gender Specific Institutions Miranda Shipley Morningside College The topics that I have been assigned to study in this specific sociology course that I am currently enrolled in include: gender and social conflict. Other than the assigned textbook for this specific sociology class, entitled Introduction to Sociology, I will also be using the sources entitled Article Tools and Gender and Social Conflict I believe that these sources better allowed me to reflect and explainRead MoreSociology and Common Sense Essay1546 Words   |  7 PagesExplain the difference between a â€Å"common sense† and a â€Å"sociological† view of human behaviour, giving relevant examples. Sociology is a social science that enables people to understand the structure and dynamics of society. By using a scientific approach, and by critically analysing society using qualitative and quantitative methods, sociologists can find patterns and connections within human behaviour to provide explanations of how society affects people. Sociological views are based on theoriesRead MoreExample Of The Three Theoretical Perspectives Of Sociology1044 Words   |  5 Pages Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Nanesha Greathouse HCC Abstract This paper describes the three major theoretical perspectives in Sociology: symbolic interactionism, functionalism and conflict theory. Sociologists developed these theoretical perspectives to help explain the way individuals conduct themselves and to help us to gain a better understanding of the world around us. Throughout this paper, the reader will learn about each perspective and its origin as well as additionalRead MoreThe Impact of Social Class and Stratification1728 Words   |  7 PagesSkylar Freve Mr. Gompf Sociology 101 30 November, 2010 The Impact of Social Class/Stratification Stratification and the division of people into social classes is a fundamental part of American society. Stratification is a concept that is universal; it is found in every country, every nation of the world. It is a system in which large groups of people, not individuals, are divided into different layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige. Stratification appliesRead MoreThe Role and Function of Religion636 Words   |  3 Pagesreligion is an element of faith (2012). My religion is Romanian Pentecostalism. I am the first generation born in America and my parents are from Romania. My religion is based on Pentecostal beliefs as well as Romanian culture. The book Essentials of Sociology talks about the functions and dysfunctions a religion, the symbols and categories of a religion, and the social class and tolerance of my religion. Henslin explains the different functions of religion and what they mean: questions about ultimateRead More Comparison of the American and Chinese Cultures Essay1898 Words   |  8 Pagesobvious classification of religion in the U.S. is race (Sociology A Down-to-Earth Approach, 1999, pg. 511). African Americas and the White population tend to separate themselves into their own churches. With so many congregations and denominations throughout the U.S. there is no dominate religion. Over the years moderilization in the U.S. has put less importance on religion. The Chinese culture is very much centered on religion (A Down-to-Earth Approach, 1999 pg. 512). Over a period of year’s educationRead MoreDivorce And Its Definition Of Marriage978 Words   |  4 Pagesdivorce, and even what is considered to be a couple. In order to understand divorce, it is important that we begin by defining what marriage is since divorce wouldn’t exist if it wasn’t for the step of marriage. According to our book, Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach (12th edition), it defines marriage as: â€Å"A group’s approved mating arrangements, usually marked by a ritual of some sort (the wedding) to indicate the couple’s new public status† (Henslin, 452). The mere indication that a marriage isRead MoreThere Is A Wide Array Of Theories About The Cause Of Crime1102 Words   |  5 Pagesan individual’s biological makeup and predisposition influences whether he or she will participate in deviant behavior. An individual’s genetic predisposition plays a crucial role in his or her behavior. James M. Henslin, author of Sociology: A Down to Earth Approach, states that advancement in biological explanations has discovered correlation between sex, race, social class, and age in devian t behavior (201). Firstly, one major biological theory of deviance is Richard Dugdale’s theory of genetic

Lingo - Definition and Examples

An informal term for the special vocabulary of a particular group or field: jargon.Language or speech that is perceived as strange or unintelligible. Plural: lingoes. Etymology: From the Latin lingua   , tongue Examples and Observations Cowboy Lingo The various buildings on the ranch had their various slang names. The main house, or house of the owner, was known as the white house (its usual color, if painted), the Big House, Bulls Mansh, or headquarters. The bunkhouse was equally well known as the dog-house, dice-house, dump, shack, or dive, while the cook-shack, if it was a separate building, was spoken of as the mess-house, grub-house, feed-trough, feed-bag, nose-bag, or swallow-an-git-out trough.   (Ramon Frederick Adams, Cowboy Lingo. Houghton, 2000) Australian Lingoes To speak the lingo is to become a member of a group that shares a sense of itself and expresses that sense in its own language. In the sense of the Great Australian Lingo that group consists of all its speakers--most Australians, in fact. There are also many other lingoes, past and present, that are and have been spoken in Australia by different groups, or speech communities as they are called. . . .What does the term TALK RIVER mean, for example? You almost certainly will not know unless you worked in or were close to the Murray River boat trade. In that speech community, it means to talk about matters relating to the river, its people and its business. Unless you are involved with the welding trade you would be unlikely to know that STICK and TIC refer to different forms of welding--STICK is with flame heat and TIC with an electric arc. Nor would you know what a KROMER CAP is.​  (Graham Seal, The Lingo: Listening to Australian English. UNSW Press, 1999) Hospital Lingo Like any specialized jargon, the shoptalk used by residents not only conveys facts but provides a running commentary on the absurdities of hospital life...A sampling of current resident-speak follows, drawn from the wards of a busy teaching hospital.Banana bag: an intravenous solution containing a liquid multivitamin that colors the fluid a bright yellow, used in undernourished or alcoholic patients. Doc-in-the-box: an urgent-care walk-in clinic. Hes moonlighting at a doc-in-the-box downtown.Gomer: shorthand for Get out of my emergency room. Any undesirable patient, usually one that is unkempt, demented, combative or any combination of the above...Tail-light sign: when a patient (usually elderly) is dropped off at an emergency room by relatives who drive away before an evaluation is complete, forcing the patient to be admitted to the hospital whether or not his medical condition requires it.Wallet biopsy: checking a patients insurance or financial status before embarking on expensive procedures.  (adapted from Hospital Lingo: Whats a Bed Plug? An L.O.L. in N.A.D. by Sheilendr Khipple. The New York Times, May 13, 2001) The Use of War Lingo by Journalists Back in August, the [Associated Press] issued a memo about how to convey campaign coverage, and it included this passage: war lingo — use criticized instead of attacked, or choose a better verb to describe what the candidate is doing, i.e., challenging, doubting, etc. Also avoidable: launch an assault, take aim, open fire, bombard. AP Deputy Managing Editor for Standards Tom Kent lays out the thinking behind the rules: We’ve long felt it’s a good idea to avoid weapons metaphors when we’re not talking about real weapons. Even beyond evoking memories of violent events, we think frequent use of these terms in non-military situations smacks of overdramatization and hyping, writes Kent via e-mail.  (Erik Wemple, No More Taking Aim,’ ‘Blasting,’ ‘Sniping’! The Washington Post, December 20, 2012) A Parody of Social Science Lingo The lingo used by sociologists and such annoys many reasonable people. Richard D. Fay of M.I.T. is one of them. Last week the Washington Star picked up a letter he had written to the Harvard Alumni Bulletin in which he showed how the Gettysburg Address would sound, lumbered up in that lingo:​ Eight and seven-tenths decades ago, the pioneer workers in this continental area implemented a new group based on an ideology of free boundaries and initial conditions of equality. We are now actively engaged in an overall evaluation of conflicting factors . . . We are met in an area of maximum activity among the conflicting factors . . . to assign permanent positions to the units which have been annihilated in the process of attaining a steady state. This procedure represents standard practice at the administrative level.From a more comprehensive viewpoint, we cannot assign--we cannot integrate--we cannot implement this area . . . The courageous units, in being annihilated . . . have integrated it to the point where the application of simple arithmetical operations to include our efforts would produce only negligible effects . . .It is preferable for this group to be integrated with the incompleted implementation . . . that we here resolve at a high ethical level that the deceased s hall not have been annihilated without furthering the project--that this group . . . shall implement a new source of unhampered activity--and that political supervision composed of the integrated units, for the integrated units, and by the integrated units shall not perish from . . . this planet. (Lumbering Lingo. Time, August 13, 1951) The Decline of Lunch Counter Lingo [T]he vitality of lunch-counter speech--cats eyes for tapioca, baby for a glass of milk, jerk for ice cream soda, and Adam and Eve on a raft for fried eggs on toast--had a raciness about it that many people sought to put an end to in the late 1930s.  (John F. Mariani, The Dictionary of American Food and Drink. Hearst Books, 1994) Pronunciation: LIN-go

Err Booklet Free Essays

ERR Booklet Task A – Short Answer Questions Ai – Imagine you are a newly appointed supervisor/manager within your service. You need to update your staff handbook to reflect current employment law. Identify three different sources of information you could use to enable you to do this. We will write a custom essay sample on Err Booklet or any similar topic only for you Order Now Direct. gov website Citizens advice Existing company handbook Aii – List three aspects of employment covered by law Work Conditions (safety, discrimination, accommodation, etc. ) Wages Hours ) List three main features of current employment legislation. Minimum wage Training Holiday entitlements Aiii – Briefly outline why employment law exists. Employment law exists to safeguard the interests of both employers and employees. We understand that this particular area of law is continually developing and it is of critical importance to keep abreast of evolving legislation. Bi – Describe the terms and conditions of your employment as set out in your contract of Employment or employment agreement )Job description – defining the role, responsibility level (eg Manager, Deputy Manager, Assistant etc). It might include limits on decision making/to whom one reports/is supervised by. 2) Entitlement – rate of pay, holiday entitlement, retirement and ill-health b enefits, bonus/overtime rates, uniform and/expenses allowances, canteen facilities, etc. 3) Responsibilities: working hours, dress code, reporting illness/absence, annual assessments, complaints procedures, notice periods for leaving/dismissal, requirements to change working hours. )General: Depending on the type of job, there might be other conditions restricting the employee taking other part-time work, confidentiality clauses, using company equipment for private use (eg phones, computers, vehicles) general codes of behaviour and adherence to certain corporate practices, health safety regulations, etc. The actual format of the contract will vary from company to company. Some will cover more general matters in a Staff Handbook which the employee is required to read and confirm he/she has done so Bii – Describe the information which needs to be shown on your pay slip/statement: Employee’s name Tax code National Insurance Nett pay Payment of overtime, bonus’s or tips Date Company name Payment method Payment period Biii – Identify two changes to personal information which you must report to your employer. Address Bank detail Biv – Describe the procedure to follow if you wanted to raise a grievance at work. You may describe this in writing or produce a flow chart or diagram. 1) Firstly, write to your employer setting out all the details of your grievance. ) Meet with your employer. Your employer should then arrange a meeting to discuss your issue and look at possible resolutions. It is your legal right to take a companion to this meeting, such as a colleague, a trade union representative or trade union official. This companion may speak on your behalf, but may not answer questions on your behalf. 3) Appeal your employer’s decision. After the meeting has taken place, your employer should write to you in a timely fashion with a decision on how your rievance will be resolved. If you are unsatisfied with this decision, then you have the right to appeal. This appeal should again be made in writing, and your employer must arrange another meeting. Bv – Explain the agreed ways of working with your employer in relation to the following areas: Without a job description how would you apply for a job, both you and your employer need to know the perimeters that you will work to be able to determine: the responsibility; the type and class of work you will do and pay scales. Unions will always never agree to working conditions that are not safe or health and safety valued,, however, the employer has a right to expect that when you are working in a firm that your time is productive so implementing ways of working by the use of ‘Time and Motion’ studies is not regarded as being taboo. That is why it is essential that there is communication between employer and employee or the employee’s representative, the Union. How to cite Err Booklet, Papers

Impact of Parental Separation and Divorce

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Parental Separation and Divorce. Answer: Introduction: This paper studies the effect of parental discord on the psychological and physical health of a child, by examining the story Popular Mechanics by Raymond Carver. The story deals with the theme of separation, disharmony, conflict, struggle and miscommunication or rather lack of communication (Cammiss, 2016). Through the incidents narrated in the story, the author highlights how quarrels and arguments between parents traumatises the child and can sometimes lead to fatal injuries and harm. This assignment researches and studies the consequences a child suffers when born and brought up in a disharmonious family environment, full of anger and aggressiveness; and how it affects the psychological and physical health of the child. In addition to this, the child also has to suffer the pain of choosing any one of the parents. This view on divorce and its effect on children are supported by various theories coined by philosophers and authors. In recent times, the issue of divorce has become one of the most common causes of stress among children. The consequences of divorce are that the child will have to stay with only one parent, move to a new house and in a new environment without his or her consent. In most cases of divorce, it is the child whose well-being, desires are neglected by the parents, and thus suffers the most. According to Berlin, children who grow up in a intact and harmonised family environment, with the company of both the biological parents has performed better in every aspects of life; compared to those brought up in an hostile and aggressive family with the presence of only one parent (Haimi, Lerner, 2016). However, it does not guarantee the fact that divorce or single parenthood always lead to stress and poor performance in children; in certain cases they do have an advantageous effect on the development and well- being of the child. According to Harlow, Bowlby and Ainsworths theory of attachment, attachment is stated as one of the key factors that determines an individuals personality and behaviour throughout his life (Joyce, 2016). Attachment is a strong bond that first develops between the child and parents and then eventually between friends and lovers. In most cases children of divorce has difficulty in adaption to the various stages of life and forming a bond of attachment; whereas children coming from a peaceful and harmonious family background find it easy to adjust with society and forma a strong bond of relation. However, here also there are exceptions and we see children coming from a difficult family background adapting easily to various difficult situations in life and forming a bond of attachment with the society. According to Baker, parental alienation is a situation that occur when one parent target and actively campaigns against the other parent of the child (Kraus, 2016). This kind of alienating behaviour is a common occurrence among divorced and separated parents, as stated by Baker and Verrocchio. The authors also stated that alienation behaviour does not always occur due to happiness or lack of adjustments between the couples but the actual reason of such behaviour arises out of the desire to gain control and power of their familial situation (Skog, 2016). In the story Popular Mechanics by Raymond Carver, there prevails an environment of anger and aggressiveness, and the distance between couple is reflected as the girl stands at the door whereas the boy is inside the room ("Popular Mechanics by Raymond Carver" 2017). There is an environment of gloominess and shadow in couples life as is symbolised by the darkness and gloomy weather outside as well as inside the house. The lack happiness and adjustment is between the couple is quite evident as they no longer want to stay with each other and there is no scope for resolution. In such a scenario, it is the child who suffers the most, as both the parents struggle to gain authority over the baby, as is depicted in the story (Thiongo, 2016).It can be described as a phenomenon of alienation, where the parents struggle for power and in the process neglect the emotions of the baby. In the ensuing battle between the parents, it is the child who is traumatised and this will adversely affect the ch ilds psychological development. This is kind of negligence is a total negligence on the part of the parents. The child does not get the love and company of both the parents and is forced to stay with any one of them and thus according to the theory of attachment, the child might find it difficult in future to adapt to the society and form a bond of affection with other society members ("An Analysis of the Short Story Popular Mechanics by Raymond Carver | Free Research Papers - EssayBoost" 2017). It might also give rise to reverse behaviour in the child and make the child more adaptable to various situations in life and thus create a bond of attachment with the society. However, in this story, the author depicts that discord and disharmony between parents can only lead to further deterioration of the family environment and can never have any positive influence as presented at the end of the story when a flowerpot falls on the ground and brakes. The breaking of the pot ominously indicates the fatal consequences, as they kept pulling on the baby. Though the author does not express it clearly, in his last sentence he mentioned that the issue has been settled ("Popular Mechanics by Raymond Carver" 2017). This implicitly imply the fact that in the process of pulling on the baby the arm of the child might have broken, which symbolises their broken relationship; or something more fatal could have happened and the child might have been ripped apart, which symbolises death, not only of the baby but also of the relationship. However, in certain cases divorce can lead to positive influences on the child. Lack of adjustment and happiness between the parents can never prove to be beneficial for children, even if they stay together. Sometimes one of the parents lack sense of duty and care towards the child, and in such situations it is always better for the child to be brought up by a single parent in a more peaceful and caring atmosphere, than staying in an atmosphere of aggression and negligence (Thiongo, 2016). Thus, it can be concluded that conflict and discord between couple is one of the major sources of stress among children and young adults. In a disturbed family environment, young children suffer from various kinds of stress and trauma from a very early age. This hinders their emotional, psychological and mental growth, and influences the development of their behaviour and personality. References: An Analysis of the Short Story Popular Mechanics by Raymond Carver | Free Research Papers - EssayBoost. (2017). Essayboost.com. Retrieved 7 February 2017, from https://essayboost.com/an-analysis-of-the-short-story-popular-mechanics/ Cammiss, M. (2016). A retrospective study of the long-term effects of divorce on the wellbeing of young adults. Haimi, M., Lerner, A. (2016). The Impact of Parental Separation and Divorce on the Health Status of Children, and the Ways to Improve it.Journal of Clinical Medical Genomics, 1-7. Joyce, A. N. (2016). High?Conflict Divorce: A form of Child Neglect.Family Court Review,54(4), 642-656. Kraus, A. (2016).Parental alienation: the case for parentification and mental health(Doctoral dissertation, Colorado State University. Libraries). Popular Mechanics by Raymond Carver. (2017). The Sitting Bee. Retrieved 7 February 2017, from https://sittingbee.com/popular-mechanics-raymond-carver/ Skog, F. (2016). Long-term effects of parental divorce: A population-based causal analysis. Thiongo, E. K. (2016).The effects of divorce on childrens social development(Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).

Religion and Environmental Ethics free essay sample

In the paper he wrote Christianity bears a huge burden of guilt and concludes that Hence we shall continue to have a worsening ecologic crisis until we reject the Christian axiom that nature has no reason for existence save to serve man. White depicted Western Christianity as seeing the world existing primarily for the benefit of man, and man, bearing Gods image and sharing in great measure Gods transcendence of nature, exploit nature for his proper ends according to Gods will. This thesis of White shall be referred to as Dominion Hypothesis for ease of identification in this paper. But are the claims in his Dominion Hypothesis valid? Does Christianity bear a burden of guilt for the ecological crisis of the world? The purpose of this paper is to assess the strength of his thesis by firstly analysing what the biblical scriptures and theologians have to say with regard to the relationship of God, man and the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Religion and Environmental Ethics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Next the symptoms and origins of our ecological crisis are examined, after which their ties with Western Christianity are assessed to determine whether the later has causal relationship with the former. Finally, after arriving at the conclusion, some recommendations are presented. 1 Whites Thesis Whites thesis can briefly be summarized as: All forms of life modify their contexts, and the human race has in one sense simply done this more than others. However, the human impact on the environment, whilst frequently detrimental in the past, was given an added impetus by Christianity in its Westernized form. Western society, as a product of Westernized Christianity, inherits an exploitative attitude to the natural world which is the key to our present ecological crisis. (Richardson, 1998) . White depicted Western Christianity as seeing the world existing primarily for the benefit of man, and it is according to Gods will that man exploit nature for his proper ends. Biblical verses that align to the Dominion Hypothesis Arguably the following passages from the Bible are aligned to the Dominion Hypothesis and are most frequently cited by ecology critics of the Bible. Then God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of trhe air, and over the the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thinng that creeps upon the earth So god created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them. And God blessed them, and God said to them Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth and subdue it; and have dominion over the fish of the sea and over every living thing that moves upon the earth. And God said, Behold, I have given you every plant yielding seed which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree with seed in its fruit; you shall have them for food. (Gen. 1:26-29) Yet thou has made him little less than God, and dost crown him with glory and honor. Thous hast given him dominion over the works of thy hands; thous hast put all things under his feet; all sheep and oxen, and also the beasts of the field, the birds of the air, and the fish of the sea, whatever passes along the paths of the sea. (Ps. 8:5-8) 2 And God blessed Noah and his sons, and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth. The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth, and upon every bird of the air, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea; into your hand they are delivered. Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you; and as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (Gen. 9:1-3) You have made them to be a kingdom and priests serving our God, and they will reign on earth (Rev. 5:10). According to exegeses by theology scholar (Hiebert, 1996), the term dominion, from the Hebrew verb radah, implies that it grants humans the right and responsibility to rule, to govern the rest of creation. It connotes a hierarchy of power and authority in which the human race is positioned above the rest of the natural world, although the verb radah does not itself define how this dominion is to be exercised, whether benevolently or malevolently. The laws of Leviticus, when they stipulate that household servants are not to be *ruled* harshly (Lev. 25:43, 46, 53), imply that this kind of dominion may be kind and humane. Yet the use of radah in the context of international relations, where it is more commonly employed, carries a decidedly more antagonistic tinge, since it signifies rule over one*s enemies. It occurs frequently in descriptions of military conquest, where it is paired with such verbs as *destroy* (Num. 24:19) and *strike down* (Lev. 26:17; Isa. 14:6). When used of the Israelite king, radah always refers to dominion over his enemies, not to rule over his own Israelite subjects, for which the verb malak, *reign,* is the usual term. Similar conclusions may be drawn about the phrase *subdue the earth* in Gen. :28. The verb *subdue,* from the Hebrew kavash, depicts a hierarchical relationship in which humans are positioned above the earth and are granted power and control over it. The verb kavash is even more forceful than radah, describing the actual act of subjugation, of forcing another into a subordinate position. It is used for military conquest, where the same phrase used in Gen. 1:28 , *subdue the earth/land,* can be employed to depict the destruction and occupation of conquered territory (Num. 32:22, 29). It is also used of the king*s forcing his people into slavery against God*s wishes (Jer. 4:11, 16), and of rape (Esther 7:8; Neh. 5:5). In many of these cases, the abuse {19} of power is patently obvious. 3 Biblical verses that align to the Eco-Friendly perspective On the other hand, the following verses can be interpreted as being aligned to an EcoFriendly view:Let the heavens be glad, and let the earth rejoice; let the sea roar, and all that fills it; let the field exult, and everything in it! Then shall all the trees of the forest sing for joy before the LORD, for he comes, for he comes to judge the earth. He will judge the world in righteousness, and the peoples in his faithfulness. (Psalm 96:11-13) Praise the LORD! Praise the LORD from the heavens; praise him in the heights! Praise him, all his angels; praise him, all his hosts! Praise him, sun and moon, praise him, all you shining stars! Praise him, you highest heavens, and you waters above the heavens! Let them praise the name of the LORD! For he commanded and they were created. And he established them forever and ever; he gave a decree, and it shall not pass away. a Praise the LORD from the earth, you great sea creatures and all deeps, fire and hail, snow and mist, stormy wind fulfilling his word! Mountains and all hills, fruit trees and all cedars! Beasts and all livestock, creeping things and flying birds! Kings of the earth and all peoples, princes and all rulers of the earth! Young men and maidens together, old men and children! Let them praise the name of the LORD, for his name alone is exalted; his majesty is above earth and heaven. (Psalm 148:1-13) *When you besiege a city a long time, to make war against it in order to capture it, you shall not destroy its trees by swinging an axe against them; for you may eat from them, and you shall not cut them down. For is the tree of the field a man, that it should [m]be besieged by you? Only the trees which you known are not fruit trees you shall destroy and cut down, that you may construct siegeworks against the city that is making war with you until it falls. (Deuteronomy 20:19-20) *When you enter the land and plant any kind of fruit tree, regard its fruit as forbidden. For three years you are to consider it forbidden; it must not be eaten. In the fourth year all its fruit will be holy, an offering of praise to the Lord. But in the fifth year you may eat its fruit. In this way your harvest will be increased. I am the Lord your God. (Leviticus 19:2325) You shall not let your cattle breed with a different kind; you shall not sow your field with two kinds of seed; nor shall there come upon you a garment of cloth made of two kinds of stuff. (Leviticus 19:19) For six years you shall sow your land and gather in its yield; but the seventh year you shall let it rest and lie fallow, that the poor of your people may eat; and what they leave the wild beasts may eat. (Exodus 23: 10-11) 5 The nations were angry, and your wrath has come. The time has come for judging the dead, and for rewarding your servants the prophets and your people who revere your name, both great and small * and for destroying those who destroy the earth. * (Rev 11:18) For true and righteous are his judgments: for he hath judged the great whore, which did corrupt the earth with her fornication, and hath avenged the blood of his servants at her hand. (Rev 19:2) They will neither harm nor destroy on all my holy mountain, for the earth will be filled with the knowledge of the Lord as the waters cover the sea. (Isaiah 11:9) The wolf and the lamb will feed together, and the lion will eat straw like the ox, but dust will be the serpents food. They will neither harm nor destroy on all my holy mountain, says the LORD. (Isaiah 65:25) Theology scholars commenting on this view of nature of the Old Testament wrote : It is therefore fair to conclude that nature is far from de-animated in Biblical thought. (Wybrow, 1990), The natural world may not be see n as sacred or divine in the Bible, but it is certainly not dead, lifeless, and outside the divine moral framework here are no scriptures suggesting that nature was viewed as dead matter to be manipulated by man.. (Kinsley, 1995). Referring to the theme of the kingdom of God running through the New Testament, Zerbe (1992) argues that the New Testament has significant ecological implications, he explained: Isaiah*s vision of restored humanity and nature climaxes with the statement that there will no longer be any hurt or destruction in creation (Isa. 11:9; 65:25). And John*s vision of judgment states that those who destroy the earth will themselves be destroyed (Rev. 11:18; 19:2). It is noteworthy that the prophetic critique of Rome in Rev. 17:1-19:4 closely connects greed and the earth*s destruction: the insatiable desire for consumption and wealth is what results in the destruction of people and the earth. The corresponding passages are as quoted above. 6 Alternative view: Dominion Theology in Genesis 1 vs. Dependence Theology in Genesis 2 And lastly, but most importantly, consider the following two verses, both from Genesis 2:Then the Lord God formed a man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being. (Genesis 2:7) The Lord God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and take care of it. (Genesis 2:15) What is very important to the discussion in this paper is that according to Hiebert (1996), as evident in the above verses, Genesis 2 presents an alternative to the dominion theology of Genesis 1, which he calls dependence theology. His thesis being that the first human is made of the same arable soil as are all of other forms of life; and the divine breath into which his nostrils blown is the same with which all the animals live and breathe (Gen. :7; 7:22). The role of the human in the earth described is not that of mastery but of servanthood. In this account of creation, the theology of the human place in creation is not a theology of dominion but a theology of dependence (Hiebert, 1996). This theology is evident in other parts of Scripture, examples including Psalm 104 and the Book of Job (McKibben,1994). According to Hiebert: In this tradition (Genesis 2), the human being is positioned very differently within the world of nature. Here the archetypal human is made not in the image of God but out of topsoil, out of the arable land that was cultivated by Israelite farmers (Gen. 2:7). As a result of this kind of creation, humans hold no distinctive position among living beings, since plants and animals also were produced from this same arable soil (2:9, 19). Moreover, the role assigned humans within creation in this story is not to rule (radah) and to subdue (kavash) but rather to {23} *serve* (avad; Gen. 2:15; 3:23). The Hebrew term avad is properly translated *till* in these verses (NRSV), since it clearly refers to the cultivation of arable land. But avad is in fact the ordinary Hebrew verb *serve,* used of slaves serving masters and of humans serving God (Gen. 12:16; Exod. 4:23). , the conflicts of Genesis I and Genesis 2 notwithstanding, there are lots of thesis arguing that there is no inconsistency between the two chapters and the ouvert differences are due to different ways in recapitulation only . (Young, 1960),(Archer, 1964),(Kitchen,1966) On another plane of our discussion, we shall now turn to a brief discussion of the historical origins of our ecological crisis. 7 The Historical Origins of our Ecological Crisis There is general consensus that the planet earth is heading towards environmental catastrophe due to alarming development at different fronts: the green house effect, acid rain, damage to ozone layer, deforestation, loss of biodiversity, chemical pollution, freshwater shortage, etc. , amongst others. (Magdoff Foster, 2011).. But how did all these pollutions started? according to Thorsheim (2006), in his book The Invention of Pollution, it all started with the use of fossil energy, which was conducive to the Industrial Revolution. The first largescale commercial use of fossil energy was coal in Britain in the 1800s, which he referred to as a Faustian bargain for Britain, since on the one hand it helped to bring tremendous wealth, advance and power to the country, whilst on the other coal also filled the air with immense smoke and acidic vapors, which was one of the origins of what we now call the green house effect and acid rain. Fossil oil as energy had also been popularized ever since Edwin L. Drake drilled the first oil well in 1853, but the impact on the environment is equally as detrimental as Coal, if not more so. The fossil energy application was conducive to the Industrial Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution had led to the advance in comfort, convenience and enjoyment, from dwelling comfort to transport convenience to material needs, leading to the abundance and later overabundance in supply of products. Consumerism in the past decades had eventually been invented in order to help us to recognize our needs, and due to the needs for growth of enterprises, some products have also began to be designed with built-in obsolescence. All these initiatives had contributed to the generation of ever more wastes than in the centuries before the industrial revolution, much more than can be sinked by the earth, which contributed to the chemical pollution of soil, water, which has also altered the bio-diversity of the Earth. 8 Ever since the Industrial Revolution, the consumption of energy has experienced exponential growth (see figure 1. 1). Concomitantly, different kind of detrimental impacts had been inflicted upon the ecology of the earth (see figure 1. 2). As an in-depth analysis of our ecological crisis is out of the scope of this paper, focus is now centred on the origin of the crisis, viz. the advent of fossil energy application, which shall be discussed below. Some key developments relating to fossil energy application:1665 Invention of the first modern industrial steam engine by English inventor Edward Somerset which can use wood or coal as fuel 1794 First produce of Coal Gas by William Murdoch 1853 First refinement of Kerosene by Abraham Gesner 1859 Drilling of first Oil Well by Edwin Drake 1859 Building of the first practical self-combustion engine by Etienne Lenoir Religious Background of the Inventors / Innovators Astonishingly, what the above key developments have in common, according to research by the author, is that all the inventors / innovators were Judeao-Christian in religious belief, as can be listed below according to extant data. Inventor/Innovator Place of Birth Religion Edward Somerset (1601-67) Monmouthshire, Bri tain Roman Catholic William Murdoch (1754 1839) Cumnock, Scotland Roman Catholic Abraham Gesner (1797-1864) Nova Scotia, Canada Protestant Christian Edwin Drake (1819-1880) New York, U. S. A. Jewish Jean-Joseph-Etienne Lenoir (1822-1900) Mussy-la-Ville, Belgium Roman Catholic However, just as one cannot say that the inventions or innovations in fossil energy application has been due to Western Christianity, as otherwise one will fall into the post-hoc ergo procter hoc fallacy, it is likewise not valid to attribute the ecological crisis directly to Western Christianity. However, If we put the question conversely by asking that if the inventors/innovators were pantheistic, believing that the nature is sacred in itself and should be reverred, then it is highly unlikely that the inventions/innnovations had been conjured and accomplished by them. Science and Christianity It has been argued that science and christianity are coherent to each other, A British Scientist, Robert Clark, once said we may interpret the fact scientific development has only occurred in a Christian culture. The ancients had brains as good as ours. In all civilizations, Babylonia, Egypt, Greece, India, Rome, Persia, China and so on, science developed to a certain point and then stopped. It is easy to argue speculatively that science might have been able to develop in the absence of Christianity, but in fact, it never did. And no wonder. For the non*Christian world felt there was something ethically wrong about science. In Greece, this conviction was enshrined in the legend of Prometheus, the fire*bearer and prototype scientist who stole fire from heaven thus incurring the wrath of the Gods. 10 Consider also these statements from renowned scientists; William Thomson: Do not be afraid to be free thinkers. If you think strongly enough, you will be forced by science to the belief in God. Isaac Newton: This most beautiful system of the sun, planets and comets could only proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful Being , Stephen Hawking:In fact, if one considers the possible constants and laws that could have emerged, the odds against a universe that produced life like ours are immense. Conclusion This paper has attempted to examine the hypothesis of Lynn Whites that Christianity bears significant responsibility for the earths ecological crisis. The author has attempted to typologize and quote verses from the scriptures, exegeses and writings of theologians on the Biblical scriptures depicting the relationship of God, man and nature. Whilst according to the Dominion theological perspective as discussed above, the hierarchal relationship of God-gt;Man-gt;Nature (see figure 1. 3) is apparent, in the Dependence theological perspective, the hierarchal relationship of God-gt;Man ; God -gt; Nature (see figure 1. 4) is also evident. God God Man Man Nature Nature Figure 1. 3 The Dominion Perspective Figure 1. 4 The Dependence Perspective Other verses as listed under the section Passages that echo Eco-Friendly also act as a counter-argument for the Dominion hypothesis. It would seem therefore that Whites hypothesis that Western Christianity sees the world existing primarily for the benefit of man and therefore Christianity bears a huge burden of guilt is not grounded solidly, because as mentioned above, there are many verses which encourage man to be benign to our environment, and conversely, there is no single passage asking man to abuse nature for his primarily benefit only. However, if White argued that Christians bears a burden of guilt, then it is less reputable, as explained in the next paragraph. 11 If one concurs that scientific thinking is coherent to Christian belief, as discussed above, and like White argues in his paper, Western Christianity has been contributory in promoting modern science and technological advance, and from the standpoint of the analysing of advent of fossil energy as the origin of our ecological crisis, which does have tremendous detrimental impacts to our environment, it seems evident that Christians do have a direct linkage to the inventions and innovations leading to the mass scale use of fossil energy, the detrimental origin to our ecological system. Recommendations It can be said that with subtlety in the Biblical scriptures, interpretations are often contingent upon the context and the wisdom of the readers, as inspired at different times. What can be said is that given the state of development before the advent of sciences, man had been under the perpetual threats of nature, from attacks by animals, storms, sickness to famines and other disasters. The Dominion theological perspective no doubt inspired man to develop creative thinking about mastering the nature for the betterment of his lifelihood and survival, lacking which man might still be living rather primitively. The advent of sciences and most notably the Industrial Revolution can be depicted as the epitome of this mentality. As our civilization, technology and wisdom progresses, we should now be in a position to recognize that a Dominion mentality to the nature is detrimental to our environment and it is time that we revisit the scriptures to investigate whether we have overlooked an alternative theology in the Bible for seeing our relationship with nature-the Dependence approach, treating the nature as equals of ours, in which we serve god to ensure its goodness, and ensuring its long term sustainability to prepare for the Kingdom of God. 2 Bibliography Lynne White Jr (1967), The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis, reproduced in John Barr (ed), The Environmental Handbook (London: Ballantine/Friends of the Earth, 1971) pp 3-16. David Kinsley, Ecology and Religion: Ecological Spirituality in Cross-Cultural Perspective (Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice Hall, 1995) Richard Cameron Wyb row The Bible, Baconism, and Mastery over Nature: The Old Testament and Its Moderrn Misreading (Ph. D disserrtation, McMaster University, Hamillton Ont. Canada, 1990) p. 206 Theodore Hiebert, Professor of Old Testament at McCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago, Illinois. , Direction (Winnipeg, MB), 1996 Gordon Zerbe, Assistant Professor of New Testament at Canadian Mennonite Bible College, Winnipeg, Manitoba. , Direction (Winnipeg, MB), 1992 Howard Snyder, Liberating the Church: The Ecology of Church and Kingdom (Downers Grove: Inter-Varsity Press, 1983) 45-51. Young, Edward J. (1960) An Introduction to the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing Co. ). Archer, Gleason (1964), A Survey of Old Testament Introduction (Chicago: Moody Press). Kitchen, Kenneth (1966), Ancient Orient and Old Testament (London: Tyndale Press). Thorsheim, Peter (2006), Inventing Pollution: Coal, Smoke and Culture in Britain since 1800 13